Rangkuman Mata Kuliah Akuntansi Dasar I

Accounting in Action

Diambil dari buku “Financial Accounting IFRS 2^nd Edition”

Accounting is a process of identification, records, and communicate the economic events of an organization to interest users.

Identification              -> Identify economic events (transactions)

Records                     -> Record, classify, and summarize

Communications        -> Prepare accounting reports

Who uses accounting data?

·         Internal users

Are managers who plans, organize, and run the business.  Managerial accounting provides internal reports to helps users make decisions about their companies.

-          Marketing managers

-          Production supervisors

-          Finance directors

-          Company officers

·         External users

Are individuals and organizations outside a company who want financial information about the company.

-          Investors

Use accounting information to make decisions to buy, hold, or sell ownership share of a company.

-          Creditors

Use accounting information to evaluate the risks of granting credits or lending money.

  

MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES (PRINSIP PENGUKURAN)

IFRS generally uses one of two measurement principles, the historical cost principle or the fair value principle.

·         Historical Cost Principle

Dictates that companies record assets at their costs (sebesar harga perolehan atau harga waktu beli pertama kali).

·         Fair Value Principle

Assets and liabilities should be reported at fair value (sesuai harga sekarang).

ASSUMPTIONS

·         Monetary unit assumption

Companies include in the accounting records only transaction data that can be expressed in money terms (dilaporkan dalam satuan mata uang).

·         Economic entity assumption

Requires that the activities of the entity be kept separate and distinct from the activity of it’s owner and all other economic entities.

FORMS OF BUSINESS OWNERSHIP

Proprietorship	Partnership	Corporation
1 people	More than 1 people	Shareholders
Small type business	Retail	Under corporation’s law
Profit/suffer : personal responsibility	Have partnership agreements	Limited liability, divide profit into dividends

BASIC ACCOUNTING EQUATION

Assets                                   =	Liabilities                              +	Equity
Harta	Utang	Modal

ASSETS

·         Current Assets (Harta Lancar)

Less than 1 year.

-          Supplies                       (Perlengkapan)

-          Cash                            (Kas)

-          Bank                            (Uang yang ada di bank)

-          Account receivable     (Piutang)

-          Prepaid expense          (Beban dibayar dimuka)

-          Prepaid rent                 (Sewa dibayar dimuka)

-          Prepaid advertising     (Iklan dibayar dimuka)

-          Notes receivable          (wesel tagih)

·         Property, Plant, and Equipment

More than 1 year

-          Equipment                   (Peralatan)

-          Building                      (Gedung)

-          Vehicle                        (Kendaraan)

-          Machine                      (Mesin)

-          Land                            (Tanah)

Semakin lama dipakai, semua ini akan semakin turun nilainya, ada penyusutan (Accumulated depreciation building/equipment/vehicle/machine).

·         Intangible Assets (Aktiva tidak berwujud)

-          Patent

-          Copyright

-          Goodwill

-          Franchise

·         Long-term investment (investasi jangka panjang)

LIABILILIES

·         Current liability

Less than 1  years

-          Accounts payable        (Utang)

-          Notes Payable             (Wesel bayar)

-          ….. Payable                 (Beban yang belum dibayar)

·         Non-current Liability

More than 1 year

-          Bank loan                    (Utang bank)

-          Bonds payable                        (Obligasi/surat utang)

-          Mortgage payable       (hipotik)

EQUITY

·         Share capital-ordinary       (saham biasa)

·         Retained Earnings             (Laba ditahan, keuntungan perusahaan)

-          Revenue                      (Pendapatan, akan menambah retained earnings)

-          Expense                       (Beban, akan mengurangi retained earnings)

-          Dividends                   (Laba yang akan dibagikan ke pemegang saham, mengurangi Ret.)

Transactions business economic events recorded by accountants :

§  Maybe external or internal

§  Not all activities represent transactions

§  Each transactions have dual effect on the accounting equations

FORMAT OF ACCOUNTING EQUATIONS

Transaction	Assets                           =		Liabilities	+                               Equity
	Cash	Equipment	Accounts payable	+ Share Capital	Retained Earnings
					Rev.	- Exp.	- Div.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

·         Income statements-Laporan laba rugi

·         Retained Earnings Statement-Laporan perubahan modal

·         Statement of Financial Position-Laporan posisi keuangan/neraca

·         Statement of cash flows-Laporan arus kas

·         Pendapatan > beban à Net Income/laba bersih

·         Pendapatan < beban à Net Loss/rugi bersih

The Recording Process

An account is an individual accounting records of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, or equity item.

DEBITS AND CREDITS

We use the terms debit and credit repeatedly in the recording process to describe where entries are made in accounts.

Procedure :

Assets			Liabilities
Debit for increase	Credit for decrease		Debit for decrease	Credit for increase
Normal Balance				Normal Balance
Share Capital-Ordinary			Retained Earnings
Debit for decrease	Credit for increase		Debit for decrease	Credit for increase
	Normal Balance			Normal Balance
Revenue			Expenses
Debit for decrease	Credit for increase		Debit for increase	Credit for decrease
	Normal Balance		Normal Balance

Business documents such as sales slip, a check, a bill, or a cash register tape, provide evidence of the transaction.

THE JOURNAL-Jurnal Umum

Record transactions in chronological order.

Entering transaction data in the journal known as journalizing.

Format of General Journal

General Journal				J1
Date	Account titles and explanations	Ref.	Debit	Credit

THE LEDGER-Buku Besar

Posting is a process of transferring amounts from the journal to the ledger accounts.

Utang jasa à Unearned Service Revenue/pendapatan diterima dimuka masuk ke liabilities, tidak masuk equity karena jasa belum dilakukan.

Beban dibayar dimuka/prepaid expense à Asset karena merupakan hak kita.

TRIAL BALANCE

Trial balance doesn’t guarantee freedom from recording errors, however, numerous error may exist even though the totals of the trial balance columns agree. The transactions may balance even when:

·         A transaction is not journalized

·         A correct journal entry is not posted

·         A journal entry is posted twice

·         Incorrect accounts are used in journalizing or posting

·         Offsetting errors are made in recording the amount of transaction